Nitrogen from fertilizer and manure is essential for crop growth, but in high levels can cause a host of problems, including coastal “dead zones,” freshwater pollution, poor air quality, biodiversity loss, and greenhouse gas emissions. A study of U.S nitrogen use in agriculture has identified 20 places across the country where farmers, government, and citizens should target nitrogen reduction efforts.
The 20 nitrogen “hotspots of opportunity” represent 63 percent of the total surplus nitrogen balance in U.S. croplands, but only 24 percent of U.S. cropland area, according to the research published in Environmental Research Letters. In total, they comprise 759 counties across more than 30 states.
The top-ranked hotspot to target, based on total excess nitrogen, is a 61-county area largely centered on Illinois, with some touching into neighboring states. That’s followed by a 55-county region in Kansas and Nebraska in second place, with hotspots focused on Iowa, Kentucky, Colorado, and California rounding out the top 6.
Several of the 20 hotspots — with high nitrogen balances per acre — surprised the researchers, particularly in the Westerns states of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Utah, and in areas of a South like Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida.
“This study provides new perspective on where to focus efforts to tackle America’s nitrogen problems,” says lead author Eric Roy of the University of Vermont. “The U.S. has so many nitrogen trouble zones, and making progress will be easier in some locations than others. That’s why this research is important. It reveals where programs aiming to increase the efficiency of farm nitrogen use are most likely to be successful.”
First-of-its-kind study
Why these particular 20 hotspots? First, the study shows that nitrogen inputs are so high in many of these areas that farmers can most likely reduce nitrogen use without hurting crop yields.
“This is a crucial finding because farmers naturally worry about lower crop yields when reducing nitrogen inputs,” says UVM co-author Meredith Niles. “And we don’t want to compromise food security goals.”
Second — and perhaps most importantly — the study is the first to provide a robust, national analysis of underlying social, economic and agronomic factors linked to nitrogen balances on croplands at the county-level. That makes it one of the most comprehensive studies of U.S. nitrogen use to date.
Examples of these underlying factors include climate change beliefs, crop mix, precipitation, soil productivity, farm operating expenses, and more.
By examining these predictors, researchers were able to identify nitrogen hotspots where reductions in excess nitrogen are most achievable. Surplus nitrogen use was higher than expected in these regions based on the mix of underlying factors — suggesting less barriers to successful nitrogen reduction efforts.
